\n\nIncidental perforation

in rectal cancer surgery is an important risk factor of poor oncological outcome and should be considered in the discussion concerning postoperative adjuvant treatment as well as the follow-up regime.”
“The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O, contains two independent molecules with different conformations; the two aromatic rings form dihedral angles of 32.4 (4) and 27.5 (4)degrees in the two molecules. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains propagating in [100].”
“The widespread commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells remains limited because of the poor long-term stability. We report on the influence of dye-molecules added in liquid electrolyte on long-term stability of dye-sensitized STI571 clinical trial solar cells. Dye-desorption from the TiO2 surface during long-term cycling is one of the decisive factors that degrade photocurrent densities of devices which in turn selleck determine the efficiencies of the devices. For the first time, desorption of dye from the TiO2 surface could be suppressed by controlling thermodynamic equilibrium; by addition of dye molecules in the electrolyte. The dye molecules in the electrolyte can suppress the driving forces for the adsorbed dye molecules to be desorbed

from TiO2 nanoparticles. As a result, highly enhanced device stabilities were achieved due to the reduction of dye-desorption although there was a little decrease in the initial efficiencies.”
“The eyebrow is one of the most important structures of the face from an aesthetic point of view. As age increases, the brow changes its shape and position. This age-related change decreases the vitality, youth, and Ricolinostat chemical structure expression associated with the aesthetically ideal face. This article describes changes in eyebrow position in Indian women with aging.\n\nThis study recruited 80 female subjects for each of the required age ranges (20-30 years and 50-60 years) from the staff and outpatient settings

at a tertiary care center in central India. Women who had any condition that could affect the measurements were excluded from the study. Standardized digital photographs in frontal view were captured with the forehead and eyebrows in a maximally relaxed position and with the eyes open. Eyebrow position was determined by measuring from a reference horizontal plane drawn between the medial canthi to vertical points on the upper brow margin at the medial canthus, pupil, and lateral canthus. The result was statistically analyzed.\n\nWith aging, the least rise was seen in the lateral segment, which was not statistically significant. This difference was statistically significant at the medial and midbrow positions (p < 0.05). In the younger group, the lateral brow position was significantly higher than the midbrow (p < 0.05).

The SLE flares during pregnancy make the difference between an uncomplicated pregnancy and pregnancy with maternal and fetal complications. Therefore, the knowledge of risk factors leads the best treatment strategies to reduce flares and fetal complications in SLE patients.”
“Entecavir (ETV) plus adefovir (ADV) combination therapy is one of the useful treatment option for the patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who had failed on prior nucleos(t) ide analogue (NA) treatments. This study compared the efficacies of the

combinations of ETV 0.5mg plus ADV and ETV 1.0mg plus ADV in patients who had failed on prior multiple NA Combretastatin A4 treatments. This retrospective analysis included 148 consecutive patients with CHB infection in Korea (n=37 with ETV 0.5mg plus ADV and n=111 with ETV 1.0mg plus ADV). The virological and biochemical responses were PRT062607 concentration compared between the two groups. The cumulative probability of viral suppression of ETV 0.5mg plus ADV was not inferior to that of ETV 1.0mg plus ADV (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-1.08; P=0.094). The changes in serum HBV DNA level in the ETV 0.5mg plus ADV group were not different between the two groups over 12 months. Moreover, no significant difference was

observed in acquiring ETV-resistant variants between the two groups during the treatment (HR, 0.95; P=0.953). This study suggests the proof-of-concept that the lower dose of NA in combination with other NA might be the theoretical option for rescue combination therapy in patients with CHB who had failed on prior multiple NA treatments in order to reduce systemic exposure and possible side effects of NA. J. Med. Virol. 87:999-1007, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“overexpression of IL-6 markedly diminishes hyperoxic lung injury, hyperoxia-induced cell death, and DNA fragmentation, and enhances Bcl-2 expression. We hypothesized that changes

in the interactions between Bcl-2 family members play an important role in the IL-6-mediated protective response click here to oxidative stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that IL-6 induced Bcl-2 expression, both in vivo and in vitro, disrupted interactions between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors, and suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro. In addition, IL-6 overexpression in mice protects against hyperoxia-induced lung mitochondrial damage. The overexpression of Bcl-2 in vivo prolonged the survival of mice exposed to hyperoxia and inhibited alveolar capillary protein leakage. In addition, apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation was substantially reduced in these animals. This IL-6-mediated protection was lost when Bcl-2 was silenced, demonstrating that Bcl-2 is an essential mediator of IL-6 cytoprotection.

Altogether our present study provides the first line of evidence that there is crosstalk between ER alpha and IGF1 signaling in PSMCs proliferation in which ER alpha up-regulates the expression of IGF1 and IGF1R, and IGF1

signaling is indispensable to mediate downstream effects of E(2) and ER alpha. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate that nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling can be used to evaluate data from studies of drug transport/excretion BAY 73-4506 inhibitor into human milk and hence to estimate infant exposure.\n\nA sparse dataset from a previously published study of the use of oral tramadol for post-cesarean pain management in 75 lactating women was used. Milk and plasma samples were collected during days 2-4 of lactation, and tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) concentration measurements in these samples were available. Absolute infant dose was obtained from the concentration measurements and JQEZ5 estimated milk volume ingested, and expressed in micrograms

per kilogram per day. Relative infant dose was calculated as a percentage of the absolute infant dose divided by the maternal dose (mu g/kg/day). Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to fit a population PK model to the data.\n\nThe disposition of tramadol and ODT in plasma and the transition of these substances into milk were characterized by a five-compartment population PK mixture model with first-order absorption. The polymorphic ODT formation clearance in the plasma compartment was able to be characterized in both CYP2D6-poor and -extensive metabolizers. Milk creamatocrit was a significant covariate in ODT transfer between the plasma and milk compartments. The estimated relative infant doses in extensive and poor metabolizers, respectively, were 2.16 +/- 0.57 and 2.60 +/- 0.57% for tramadol, and 0.93 +/- .20 and 0.47 +/- 0.10% for ODT.\n\nThis study demonstrates that a population

PK approach with sparse sampling of analytes in milk and plasma can yield quality information about the transfer process and that it also can be used to estimate the extent of infant exposure to maternal drugs via milk.”
“Background: To differentiate placental growth factor (PlGF) levels in pregnancies with normal PF-00299804 order and abnormal glucose challenge test (GCT) results.\n\nMethods: A total of 94 pregnant women underwent a 50 -g GCT as part of our routine antenatal screening protocol from September 2011 to January 2012. The patients were divided into three groups: (i) normal GCT, (ii) abnormal GCT and (iii) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the screening results for gestational diabetes. The main outcome measure of the study was the relationship between PlGF and GCT results in non-diabetic pregnancies. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the variables’ distributions.

CONCLUSIONS. Perceptual learning is effective in improving stereo vision in observers

with amblyopia. These results, together with previous evidence, suggest that structured monocular and binocular training might be necessary to fully recover degraded visual functions in amblyopia.”
“Volasertib is a potent inhibitor of Polo-like kinase (PLK) 1 and to lesser extent also PLK2 and PLK3.PLKs are key regulators of the cell cycle and volasertib blocks cells in G2-M phase of the cell cycle. The compound has been evaluated Selinexor cell line in Phase I and II studies in acute myeloid leukemia and solid tumors. Side effects are mainly hematological. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a randomized Phase II study has been conducted in elderly patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Patients have been randomized to a combination of volarsetib and low-dose cytarabine versus low-dose cytarabine alone. Preliminary results show significantly higher rates of complete remission and of complete remission with incomplete hematological recovery in the combination versus the monotherapy

arm, with 31% and 13%, respectively. Longer event-free survival was observed with the combination with 5.6 versus 2.3 months, respectively (p = 0.0237). These encouraging data supported the initiation of an international Phase selleck kinase inhibitor III trial, which currently underway, to confirm these results. Volasertib has not yet been approved for regular clinical use.”
“BackgroundSacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has proven short- to medium-term effectiveness for the treatment of faecal incontinence (FI); fewer long-term outcomes have been presented and usually in small series. Here, the long-term KPT-8602 concentration effectiveness of SNS was evaluated in a large European cohort of patients with a minimum of 5years’ follow-up. MethodsProspectively registered data from patients with FI who had received SNS for at least 5years from ten European centres were collated by survey. Daily stool diaries, and Cleveland Clinic and St Mark’s incontinence scores were evaluated at baseline, after implantation and at the last follow-up. SNS was considered successful when at least 50 per cent symptom improvement was maintained at last

follow-up. ResultsA total of 407 patients underwent temporary stimulation, of whom 272 (668 per cent) had an impulse generator implanted; 228 (560 per cent) were available for long-term follow-up at a median of 84 (i.q.r. 70-113) months. Significant reductions in the number of FI episodes per week (from median 7 to 025) and summative symptom scores (median Cleveland Clinic score from 16 to 7, St Mark’s score from 19 to 6) were recorded after implantation (all P smaller than 0001) and maintained in long-term follow-up. In per-protocol analysis, long-term success was maintained in 713 per cent of patients and full continence was achieved in 500 per cent; respective values based on intention-to-treat analysis were 477 and 334 per cent.

Luciferin BLI was used to follow graft survival, and viable follicle numbers were counted as a measure of success. Bioluminesence intensity fluctuated but was consistent with the end-point counts of viable follicle numbers. Group A showed loss of viable follicles and bioluminesence disappeared as early as day 10 following ovarian

engraftment, indicating strong immune rejection. Groups B and C showed graft survival and measurable bioluminesence for up to 30 days. In conclusion, BLI provided non-invasive longitudinal dynamic monitoring of ovarian grafts with excellent sensitivity and spatial resolution. This approach should prove valuable for research on ovarian transplantation. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier HSP990 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor Angiogenesis inhibitor Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The archeological round bronze coins, nominated as Wu Zhou and regarded as the first issued effective money in the Han Dynasty of China, have been systematically investigated to disclose their chemical composition, nature of the patina and corrosion features on the coin surface by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with backscattered electron (BSE) detector and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) techniques. It is revealed morphologically that there

are some rough surface cracks, pits, and multicolor patina on the surface of the coins. We prove that the coins are made from bronze material of Cu-Sn-Pb-Sb alloy with contents of 84.8-85.4 wt.% Cu, 3.3-6.1 wt.% Sn, 4.7-6.4 wt.% Pb and 2.6-2.9 wt.% Sb, and covered by two corrosion layers, 25-35 mu m for the upper-layer and 20-25 mu m for the sub-layer. High chloride content has been detected at the interface between the sub-layer and body of the coins. The lead-rich and tin-rich areas in the coin samples indicate the poor metal compatibility during minting in some locations of the coins. The main compositions Z-DEVD-FMK clinical trial of patina are ascertained to be Cu-2(OH)(3)Cl, Cu-3 (CO3)(2)(OH)(2), Cu-2(OH)(2)CO3,

and Pb3O4, and the proposed corrosion mechanism is discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives. The study was aimed at evaluating the levels of vitamins and minerals in the diets of overweight and obese patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).\n\nMaterial and Methods. The eating habits of 93 patients, including 22 women and 71 men, were evaluated from 2006 to 2008. The 72-hour dietary recall method and diet history were used to evaluate dietary intake.\n\nResults. The study demonstrated that the food rations of women and men differ greatly with regard to the individual supply of vitamins and minerals. A high level of antioxidizing vitamins was observed due to a high intake of citrus fruit and juices. It also revealed a slight deficiency in the B vitamins riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin.

Two weeks post-discharge, a 3-day food record was taken and interviews were repeated by phone. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analysed thematically.\n\nResults: Patients (N = 22) from departments of gastrointestinal surgery, oncology, infectious medicine, cardiology, and hepatology were interviewed at meals (N = 65) in hospital (82%) and post-discharge (18%). Food sensory perception and eating ability dictated specific food sensory needs (i.e., appearance, aroma, taste, texture, temperature, and variety defining food sensory quality to promote intake) within the context of motivation

to eat including: pleasure, comfort, and survival. Patients exhibited large inter- and intra-individual variability Dorsomorphin manufacturer in their food sensory needs.\n\nConclusions: beta-catenin pathway The study generated a model for optimising food sensory quality and developing user-driven, innovative foods to promote intake in patients at nutritional risk. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved,”
“Objective: To test the feasibility and acceptability of a simplified mifepristone-misoprostol regimen for early abortion in 2 tertiary teaching hospitals and 2 family planning clinics in Nepal. Methods: Consenting pregnant women (n = 400) with amenorrhea of 56 days or less seeking termination

of AG-881 pregnancy received 200 mg of oral mifepristone followed 48 hours later with 400 mu g of oral misoprostol, administered either at home or at the clinic. Prospective data were collected to determine the women’s experience, abortion Outcome, and the operational requirements for providing the method.

Results: Most (91.3%) of the 367 women with known outcomes had successful medical abortions. Given the option, most (89.7%) women elected to administer the misoprostol at home. Conclusion: A simplified medical abortion protocol, including home administration of misoprostol, can be Successfully integrated into clinical services in Nepal, where abortion services were recently legalized. (C) 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Detecting onsets of cardiovascular pulse wave signals is an important prerequisite for successfully conducting various analysis tasks involving the concept of pulse wave velocity. However, pulse onsets are frequently influenced by inherent noise and artifacts in signals continuously acquired in a clinical environment. The present work proposed and validated a neighbor pulse-based signal enhancement algorithm for reducing error in the detected pulse onset locations from noise-contaminated pulsatile signals. Pulse onset was proposed to be detected using the first principal component extracted from three adjacent pulses.

(C) 2013 by the American Pain Society”
“A new species of the genus Satyrichthys, Satyrichthys kikingeri sp. nov., is described

from the Rasdhoo Atoll, Maldives Archipelago. The new species is placed in a group of Satyrichthys with at least three lip barbels and unequal parietal bones. It differs from its congeners in the combination of the following characters: (1) 3/3 lip and 1/0 chin barbels, (2) 15 fin rays in the second dorsal fin, 13 fin rays in the anal fin, (3) 25 bony plates in the dorsal, 29 in the upper lateral and 20 in the lower lateral rows, (4) 21st to 28th bony plates in the upper lateral row with forward directed spines and (5) parietal bones unequal in size on LY2835219 supplier midline. Satyrichthys kikingeri sp. nov. is the first Satyrichthys species reported from the Republic of the Maldives.”
“Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays a wide variety of important roles in blood clotting, healing, and tissue remodeling. Natural, animal derived, collagen

is used in many clinical applications but concerns exist with respect to its role in inflammation, batch-to-batch variability, and possible disease transfection. Therefore, development of synthetic nanomaterials that can mimic the nanostructure and properties of natural collagen has been Blebbistatin a heavily pursued goal in biomaterials. Previously, we reported on the design and multihierarchial self-assembly of a 36 amino acid collagen mimetic peptide (KOD) that forms nanofibrous triple helices that entangle to form a hydrogel. In this report, we utilize this nanofiber forming collagen mimetic peptide as a synthetic biomimetic matrix useful in thrombosis. We demonstrate that nanofibrous KOD synthetic collagen matrices adhere platelets, activate them (indicated by soluble P-selectin secretion), and clot plasma and blood similar to animal derived collagen and control surfaces. In addition to the thrombotic potential, THP-1 monocytes MK5108 in vitro incubated with

our KOD collagen mimetic showed minimal proinflammatory c-ytokine (TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta) production. Together, the data presented demonstrates the potential of a novel synthetic collagen mimetic as a hemostat.”
“Expression of a truncated form of wheat TdSOS1 in Arabidopsis exhibited an improved salt tolerance. This finding provides new hints about this protein that can be considered as a salt tolerance determinant. The SOS signaling pathway has emerged as a key mechanism in preserving the homeostasis of Na+ and K+ under saline conditions. We have recently identified and functionally characterized, by complementation studies in yeast, the gene encoding the durum wheat plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter (TdSOS1). To extend these functional studies to the whole plant level, we complemented Arabidopsis sos1-1 mutant with wild-type TdSOS1 or with the hyperactive form TdSOS1a dagger 972 and compared them to the Arabidopsis AtSOS1 protein.

fourth rib methods. The current study tests Hartnett’s revised methods as well as the original Suchey-Brooks and Iscan etal. methods on a modern sample from the William Bass Skeletal Collection (N=313, mean age=58.5, range 19-92). Results show that the Suchey-Brooks and Iscan etal. methods assign individuals

to the correct phase 70.8% and 57.5% of the time compared with Hartnett’s revised methods at 58.1% and 29.7%, respectively, with correctness scores based on one standard deviation of Acadesine manufacturer the mean rather than the entire age range. Accuracy and bias scores are significantly improved for Hartnett’s revised pubic symphysis method and marginally better for Hartnett’s revised fourth rib method, suggesting that the revised mean ages at death of Hartnett’s phases better reflect this modern LDC000067 concentration population. Overall, both Hartnett’s revised methods are reliable age estimation methods. For the pubic symphysis, there are significant improvements in accuracy and bias scores, especially for older individuals; however, for the fourth rib, the results are comparable to the original Iscan etal. methods, with some improvement for older individuals.”
“Directing spatial attention to a location inside the classical receptive field (cRF) of a neuron in macaque medial temporal area (MT) shifts the center of the cRF toward the attended location. Here

we investigate the influence of spatial attention on the profile of the inhibitory surround present in many MT neurons. Two monkeys attended to the fixation point or to 1 of 2 random dot patterns (RDPs) placed inside or next to the cRF, whereas a third RDP (the probe) was briefly presented in quick succession across the

cRF and surround. The probe presentation responses were used to compute a map of the excitatory receptive field and its inhibitory surround. Attention systematically reshapes the receptive CSF-1R inhibitor field profile, independently shifting both center and surround toward the attended location. Furthermore, cRF size is changed as a function of relative distance to the attentional focus: attention inside the cRF shrinks it, whereas directing attention next to the cRF expands it. In addition, we find systematic changes in surround inhibition and cRF amplitude. This nonmultiplicative push-pull modulation of the receptive field’s center-surround structure optimizes processing at and near the attentional focus to strengthen the representation of the attended stimulus while reducing influences from distractors.”
“Background & Aims: IL-17 secreting CD4 (Th17) and CD8 (Tc17) T cells have been implicated in immune-mediated liver diseases, but the molecular basis for their recruitment and positioning within the liver is unknown.\n\nMethods: The phenotype and migratory behaviour of human liver-derived Th17 and Tc17 cells were investigated by flow cytometry and chemotaxis and flow-based adhesion assays. The recruitment of murine Th17 cells to the liver was studied in vivo using intra-vital microscopy.

In 21 patients with mild AP24534 to moderate AD and 20 age-matched controls, we investigated how oscillations in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and O(2)Hb are associated with spontaneous and induced oscillations in blood pressure (BP) at the very low (VLF = 0.05 Hz) and low frequencies (LF = 0.1 Hz). We applied spectral and transfer function analysis to quantify dynamic cerebral autoregulation and brain tissue oxygenation. In AD, cerebrovascular resistance was substantially

higher (34%, AD vs. control: Delta = 0.69 (0.25) mm Hg/cm/second,p = 0.012) and the transmission of very low frequency (VLF) cerebral blood flow (CBF) oscillations into O(2)Hb differed, with increased phase lag and gain

(Delta phase 0.32 this website [0.15] rad; Delta gain 0.049 [0.014] mu mol/cm/second, p both < 0.05). The altered transfer of CBF to cortical oxygenation in AD indicates that properties of the cerebral microvasculature are changed in this disease. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Increasing age and cancer history are related to impaired physical function. Since physical activity has been shown to ameliorate age-related functional declines, we evaluated the association between physical activity and function in older, long-term colorectal cancer survivors.\n\nIn 2006-2007, mailed surveys were sent to colorectal cancer survivors, aged a parts per thousand yen65 years when diagnosed during 1995-2000, and identified through a state cancer registry. Information on physical activity, physical function, and relevant covariates was obtained and matched to registry data. Analysis of covariance and linear regression

were used to compare means and trends in physical function across levels of activity in the final analytic sample of 843 cases.\n\nA direct, dose-dependent association between physical activity and function was observed (p (trend) < .001), with higher SF-36 physical function subscores in those reporting high versus low activity levels (65.0 +/- A 1.7 vs. 42.7 +/- A 1.7 (mean +/- A standard error)). Walking, gardening, housework, and exercise activities were all independently related to better physical function. Moderate-vigorous intensity activity https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html (p (trend) < .001) was associated with function, but light activity (p (trend) = 0.39) was not.\n\nResults from this cross-sectional study indicate significant associations between physical activity and physical function in older, long-term colorectal cancer survivors.”
“One mechanism leading to neurodegeneration during Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is amyloid beta peptide (A beta)-induced neurotoxicity. Among the factors proposed to potentiate A beta toxicity is its covalent modification through carbohydrate-derived advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs).

“
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Majority of PD are sporadic, for which genetic causes remain largely unknown. Alpha-synuclein, the main component of Lewy bodies, plays a central

role in the PD pathogenesis. Macroautophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that digests dysfunctional macromolecules and damaged organelles. Accumulating evidence indicates that macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is involved in alpha-synuclein degradation. Dysregulation of autophagy has been observed in the brain tissues from PD patients and animal models. We hypothesized that change expression levels of autophagy-related genes (ATG), including ATG5, may contribute to PD. In find protocol this study, we genetically and functionally analyzed the ATG5 gene promoter in groups of sporadic PD patients and ethnic-matched healthy controls. A novel heterozygous variant, 106774459T>A, was identified in one female patient, but in none of controls, which significantly enhanced transcriptional activities of the ATG5 gene promoter. Furthermore, ATG5 gene expression level in the PD patient was significantly elevated than that in controls. Four novel heterozygous variants, 106774423C>A, 106774418C>A, 106774382C>A ATM Kinase Inhibitor clinical trial and 106774206G>A, were only found in controls. The variant, 106774464C>T, and SNP-106774030A>G (rs510432)

were found in PD patients and controls with similar frequencies. CH5183284 mw Collectively, the variant identified in PD patient may change ATG5 protein levels and alter autophagy activities, contributing to PD onset as a risk factor. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Copy number

expansions such as amplifications and duplications contribute to human phenotypic variation, promote molecular diversification during evolution, and drive the initiation and/or progression of various cancers. The mechanisms underlying these copy number changes are still incompletely understood, however. We recently demonstrated that transient, limited re-replication from a single origin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently induces segmental amplification of the re-replicated region. Structural analyses of such re-replication induced gene amplifications (RRIGA) suggested that RRIGA could provide a new mechanism for generating copy number variation by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Here we elucidate this new mechanism and provide insight into why it is so efficient. We establish that sequence homology is both necessary and sufficient for repetitive elements to participate in RRIGA and show that their recombination occurs by a single-strand annealing (SSA) mechanism. We also find that re-replication forks are prone to breakage, accounting for the widespread DNA damage associated with deregulation of replication proteins. These breaks appear to stimulate NAHR between re-replicated repeat sequences flanking a re-initiating replication origin.